Oil and natural gas pipelines specifications are extremely consistent and regulated in the United States, which is why the U. S. has the largest and most efficient network of pipelines. Every company, whether it is Shell Pipeline or a more regional company like Western Pipeline Corporation, must follow the regulations and standards set by the FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). However, the pipeline itself must meet engineering standards that are set by the American Petroleum Institute.
The actual pipeline, referred to as the "line pipe," measures from 6 to 48 inches in diameter. There are smaller pipe sections as low as half an inch, but these are usually used as components in a distribution system. Most main lines are 16 to 48 inches and lateral lines (delivering from the main line) are 6 to 16 inches. Interstate pipelines are the largest gauge piping, spanning from 24 to 36 inches in diameter. Pipeline sizes must be regulated according to the amount of a product is being transported. This prevents leaks and other possible hazards.
Steel mills produce sections of pipeline that are shipped to different locations for installation. Some steel mills are devoted entirely to pipeline production, using two separate techniques for production, depending on the size of the pipe. Smaller pipes are produced seamlessly, or as one solid piece. This is accomplished through casting solid steel bars and punching a hole through the center. However, this technique becomes more difficult the larger the pipes, and as a result, large pipes are formed using sheets of steel that are then rolled into a tube shape and welded at the seam. Before the pipe is shipped out, it must pass a series of tests to insure it can withstand the pressure of transporting natural gas.
Pipeline coating is also highly regulated and specific to protect against corrosion. Because pipes are most commonly placed underground, they can be in contact with a great deal of moister, and because moister causes rusting and corrosion, pipes must be protected. Several coating techniques are practiced, but all are approved by the FERC and the AMPI. Historically, pipelines were coated in coal tar enamel, but they are now most often protected by fusion bond epoxy. This epoxy causes the pipes to appear a light blue color. Cathodic protection is another interesting method for protecting a pipe from rust and corrosion. This involves running an electric current through the pipe, thus preventing corrosion.
The pipeline industry has become a science of regulation and protection to insure the efficiency and safety of American oil and natural gas pipeline transportation. Without these regulatory specifications, the demand for natural gas would be even greater, and Americans could not enjoy many of the luxuries currently available.
About the Author: Bob Jent is the CEO of Western Pipeline Corporation
Western Pipeline Corp is a successful, private independent producer of oil and natural gas.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Bob_Jent
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